Key Generation Applications

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This page introduces applications of wireless channel-based key generation across different communication technologies.

Wi-Fi/IEEE 802.11

  1. 2016
    J. Zhang et al., “Experimental study on key generation for physical layer security in wireless communications,” IEEE Access, vol. 4, pp. 4464–4477, 2016, doi: 10.1109/access.2016.2604618.
    Why this paper? This comprehensive experimental study examines temporal variation, channel reciprocity, and spatial decorrelation in an anechoic chamber, a reverberation chamber, and indoor office environments.
    DOI 
    @article{zhang2016experimental,
  title = {Experimental study on key generation for physical layer security in wireless communications},
  author = {Zhang, Junqing and Woods, Roger and Duong, Trung Q and Marshall, Alan and Ding, Yuan and Huang, Yi and Xu, Qian},
  journal = {IEEE Access},
  volume = {4},
  pages = {4464--4477},
  year = {2016},
  doi = {10.1109/access.2016.2604618},
  keywords = {keygen}
}
  2. 2009
    S. Jana, S. N. Premnath, M. Clark, S. K. Kasera, N. Patwari, and S. V. Krishnamurthy, “On the effectiveness of secret key extraction from wireless signal strength in real environments,” in Proceedings of the 15th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking, 2009, pp. 321–332. doi: 10.1145/1614320.1614356.
    DOI 
    @inproceedings{jana2009effectiveness,
  author = {Jana, Suman and Premnath, Sriram Nandha and Clark, Mike and Kasera, Sneha K. and Patwari, Neal and Krishnamurthy, Srikanth V.},
  title = {On the effectiveness of secret key extraction from wireless signal strength in real environments},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 15th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking},
  year = {2009},
  pages = {321--332},
  doi = {10.1145/1614320.1614356}
}
  3. 2008
    S. Mathur, W. Trappe, N. Mandayam, C. Ye, and A. Reznik, “Radio-telepathy: Extracting a secret key from an unauthenticated wireless channel,” in Proceedings of the 14th ACM International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking, 2008, pp. 128–139. doi: 10.1145/1409944.1409960.
    DOI 
    @inproceedings{mathur2008radiotelepathy,
  author = {Mathur, Suhas and Trappe, Wade and Mandayam, Narayan and Ye, Chunxuan and Reznik, Alex},
  title = {Radio-telepathy: Extracting a secret key from an unauthenticated wireless channel},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 14th ACM International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking},
  year = {2008},
  pages = {128--139},
  doi = {10.1145/1409944.1409960}
}

ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4

  1. 2016
    C. T. Zenger, M. Pietersz, J. Zimmer, J.-F. Posielek, T. Lenze, and C. Paar, “Authenticated key establishment for low-resource devices exploiting correlated random channels,” Computer Networks, vol. 109, pp. 105–123, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.comnet.2016.06.013.
    DOI 
    @article{zenger2016authenticated,
  author = {Zenger, Christian T. and Pietersz, Mario and Zimmer, Jan and Posielek, Jan-Felix and Lenze, Thorben and Paar, Christof},
  title = {Authenticated key establishment for low-resource devices exploiting correlated random channels},
  journal = {Computer Networks},
  year = {2016},
  volume = {109},
  pages = {105--123},
  doi = {10.1016/j.comnet.2016.06.013}
}
  2. 2014
    S. T. Ali, V. Sivaraman, and D. Ostry, “Eliminating Reconciliation Cost in Secret Key Generation for Body-Worn Health Monitoring Devices,” IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, vol. 13, no. 12, pp. 2763–2776, 2014, doi: 10.1109/TMC.2013.71.
    DOI 
    @article{ali2014eliminating,
  author = {Ali, Syed Taha and Sivaraman, Vijay and Ostry, Diethelm},
  title = {Eliminating Reconciliation Cost in Secret Key Generation for Body-Worn Health Monitoring Devices},
  journal = {IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing},
  year = {2014},
  volume = {13},
  number = {12},
  pages = {2763--2776},
  doi = {10.1109/TMC.2013.71}
}

Bluetooth

  1. 2014
    S. N. Premnath, P. L. Gowda, S. K. Kasera, N. Patwari, and R. Ricci, “Secret key extraction using Bluetooth wireless signal strength measurements,” in 2014 Eleventh Annual IEEE International Conference on Sensing, Communication, and Networking (SECON), 2014, pp. 293–301. doi: 10.1109/SAHCN.2014.6990365.
    DOI 
    @inproceedings{premnath2014bluetooth,
  author = {Premnath, Sriram N. and Gowda, Prarthana L. and Kasera, Sneha K. and Patwari, Neal and Ricci, Robert},
  title = {Secret key extraction using {Bluetooth} wireless signal strength measurements},
  booktitle = {2014 Eleventh Annual IEEE International Conference on Sensing, Communication, and Networking (SECON)},
  year = {2014},
  pages = {293--301},
  doi = {10.1109/SAHCN.2014.6990365}
}

LoRa/LoRaWAN

  1. 2018
    H. Ruotsalainen and S. Grebeniuk, “Towards Wireless Secret Key Agreement with LoRa Physical Layer,” in Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security, 2018, pp. 23:1–23:6. doi: 10.1145/3230833.3232803.
    DOI 
    @inproceedings{ruotsalainen2018towards,
  author = {Ruotsalainen, Henri and Grebeniuk, Stepan},
  title = {Towards Wireless Secret Key Agreement with {LoRa} Physical Layer},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security},
  year = {2018},
  pages = {23:1--23:6},
  doi = {10.1145/3230833.3232803}
}
  2. 2018
    J. Zhang, A. Marshall, and L. Hanzo, “Channel-envelope differencing eliminates secret key correlation: LoRa-based key generation in low power wide area networks,” IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 67, no. 12, pp. 12462–12466, 2018, doi: 10.1109/tvt.2018.2877201.
    Why this paper? This experimental study investigates key generation for long-range communication using LoRa as a case study.
    DOI arXiv 
    @article{zhang2018channel,
  title = {Channel-envelope differencing eliminates secret key correlation: {LoRa}-based key generation in low power wide area networks},
  author = {Zhang, Junqing and Marshall, Alan and Hanzo, Lajos},
  journal = {IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology},
  volume = {67},
  number = {12},
  pages = {12462--12466},
  year = {2018},
  doi = {10.1109/tvt.2018.2877201},
  arxiv = {1810.08031},
  keywords = {keygen}
}
  3. 2019
    W. Xu, S. Jha, and W. Hu, “LoRa-Key: Secure Key Generation System for LoRa-Based Network,” IEEE Internet of Things Journal, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 6404–6416, 2019, doi: 10.1109/JIOT.2018.2888553.
    DOI 
    @article{xu2019lorakey,
  author = {Xu, Weitao and Jha, Sanjay and Hu, Wen},
  title = {{LoRa-Key}: Secure Key Generation System for {LoRa}-Based Network},
  journal = {IEEE Internet of Things Journal},
  year = {2019},
  volume = {6},
  number = {4},
  pages = {6404--6416},
  doi = {10.1109/JIOT.2018.2888553}
}